What are my chances of success with gender selection treatment?

The chances of success will depend on a number of factors. These include your age, your hormone levels and general level of fertility as well as your husband's semen characteristics and other factors like the equipment used, doctors' experience and choice of medication. So it is really misleading to quote a success statistics in general or based on just your age. However, the age based statistics we publish on our website more or less provides an idea of what you will be looking at. However, your individual hormone profile and your ovarian reserves are the most important determinant of how likely you are to achieve success. Patients up till mid-30s usually have a very good chance of getting pregnant on the first attempt as long as they have an ovarian reserve and a hormone profile in line with their age. Above the age of 35, the level of fertility declines and the chances of success start to diminish.

In some cases, when we are able to obtain a good count and quality of eggs, we end up having multiple embryos of desired sex and if there are more embryos than required for the given transfer cycle, we are able to preserve the ones that will not be used in the current cycle. This gives you a chance to use these preserved embryos at a future date without having to go through the entire treatment again.

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North Cyprus IVF Babies

Another one of our PGD successes!

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Requirements and Recommendations for Microsort

http://

MicroSort is available for couples who are looking to balance their families or prevent certain genetic diseases.

What are the requirements for family balancing?
Couples who want to use MicroSort to balance the genders of their children must:

• Have at least one child
• Sort for the underrepresented gender in the family
• Be negative for HIV, and Hepatitis B surface antigen and C antibody

What are the requirements for couples at risk for X-linked disorders?
Couples who want to use MicroSort to reduce the probability of genetic disease transmission must:

• Be a known carrier of an X-linked or X-limited disorder
• Be negative for HIV, and Hepatitis B surface antigen and C antibody

MicroSort laboratories are not equipped to process infectious samples; therefore all patients must present negative testing results for the following:

• HIV I and II
• Hepatitis B and C*
• VDRL

The mentioned testing can be performed in any certified lab as long as they were performed no more than six months prior to the date of the procedure.

The MicroSort procedure is a demanding process requiring a high number of motile sperm be provided for sorting so that sufficient viable sperm are sorted for use in assisted reproductive techniques. We strongly recommend you provide the results of a semen analysis performed as close as possible to the date of your procedure. These results will provide the semen characteristics that our staff can use to estimate the expected results and plan for any different measures that can be considered based on your semen analysis.

While semen analysis is not a requirement of MicroSort, if your procedure is canceled due to too few viable sperm, there will be a cancellation fee of 40% of the total cost of the procedure.

For best semen quality results, MicroSort recommends:

• Abstinence for two or three days.
• No alcohol consumption during that period.
• No exposure to high temperatures, such as hot water, hot tubs, vapor rooms, etc.

*Patients that have received hepatitis vaccines should get the appropriate tests to avoid false positives.

Source : Microsort® bit.ly/12Arr1e




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Microsort in North Cyprus

Microsort is a pre-conception sperm sorting technology developed by Genetics and IVF Institute of the United States. The technology became available through a clinical study where sperm was sorted into those that primarily produce girls and those that primarily produce boys. Through a series of studies, microsort was found to be 90% effective in gender selection for a girl and about 75% effective for gender selection for a boy. Microsort became available in Mexico first.

North Cyprus IVF clinic is proud to announce that Cyprus is going to be the second location in the world to offer Microsort, the pre-conception sperm sorting technology for gender selection for family balancing purposes. Microsort will be available through artificial insemination (IUI), through IVF and through IVF with PGD.

If the sperm separated through microsort is used in IVF treatment, the probability of having a female or a male child will be around 90% and 75% respectively. If microsort is coupled with PGD (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis) where the embryos formed after microsort are subjected to genetic screening both for gender and for certain genetic diseases. Using the two gender selection methods together both enable obtaining a good number of embryos of desired sex as well as screening for further genetic diseases and making sure almost 100% that the procedure will result in a pregnancy with a baby of desired sex.


As North Cyprus IVF, we continue to bring you the latest technology and highest standards in IVF treatment. Our difference is our success rates!

http://

http://bit.ly/13lLRNB
http://www.microsort.com/

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Gender Selection (PGD/MicroSort) Questions

Why do I need to get hormone tests done if I already have children?
The hormone tests are requested in order for the Dr. to better understand the quality and quantity of eggs and provide a personalized and detailed treatment for each individual patient.

Why do I need to have an ultrasound before I begin treatment?
The ultrasound is requested in order to make sure there are no ovarian cysts, polyps or anything else that might stand in the way of a successful IVF cycle.

What is the difference between Microsort and PGD?
Microsort is a pre-fertilization gender selection method which is used to sort sperm into male and female producing cells. It is about 80% accurate for selection of a boy and 90% accurate for selection of a girl. This way, we can make sure majority of your embryos to be fertilized will be of desired sex.
PGD, on the other hand, is a post-fertilization gender selection method where the embryos that are fertilized are subjected to a genetic analysis for sex selection. Even though PGD provides 99.9% accuracy for gender selection, and it also tests for majority of possible genetic disorders, making sure your child does not have them, it cannot guarantee that majority of your embryos will turn out to be of desired sex.
The best gender selection method is to combine microsort with PGD so that you can be sure that you will have a number of embryos which are of desired sex, anda re free of most genetic conditions.

What is the HCG trigger injection for?
This shot is for women who are using their own eggs and it helps release the mature eggs from the follicles and is usually done 35 hours before egg collection. It is the final step in assisting the maturation process and ensure the eggs are released from the follicles.
This is generally done in Cyprus but can be done before traveling in order to shortent the stay.

What does Gonal F do?
This is a follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to help increase the number of growing follicles and their development. The dosage will be prescribed based on the inital hormone test results and varies from individual to individual. This is in fact one of the reasons this test is prescribed prior to starting treatment even if the patient has no infertility issues and has conceived children successfully before.

What does Menopur do?
Menopur is also used for follicle growth and development and contains follicle stimulating hormone as well as luteinising hormone (LH). This is a combination we prefer for women older than 35 years of age as quite a large number of studies, and our experience, suggest that LH can be a good supplement for optimizing egg quality for women over 35 years of age.

Can I travel with the injections?
The injections will need to be checked in with your luggage but there should be no problems traveling with them.

Do we have to use the accommodation offered in your packages?
Some patients decide they would prefer to select their own accommodation which is no problem for us. If you would like to still take advantage of the free ground transfers however, it is preferable that your hotel be in Nicosia (Lefkosa) North Cyprus.

Why do I need to have scans during medication use?
The scans for Egg Donation patients are requested in order to make sure that the lining of the womb is ready for the embryo transfer.
The scans for women using their own eggs (IVF with ICSI and Gender Selection/PGD) is to ensure the follicles are developing well before egg collection.
It is important to let us know the results of the scans so that we can adjust your treatment schedule and medication intake if necessary.

How are the injections done?
The Gonal F injections should be done subcutaneously either in the abdomen/stomach area, naval area or upper thigh where there is excess skin and fatty tissues. It is recommended to vary the injection site.
Please watch the videos below for preparing and administering the medication.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMklbInsQGk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHEyyB0IKNY

When are the eggs collected?
The eggs are generally collected on day 15 of the cycle after an ultrasound and the trigger injection.

When is the embryo transferred?
We usually prefer to transfer embryos on day 18 of menstrual period, which is the best implantation window. However, days 17-20 are acceptable embryo transfer dates. If patients are undergoing PGD analysis, then the transfer is delayed by 2 days until the embryos reach the blastocyst stage and are transferred on day 20. This of course might vary from patient to patient. We can transfer up to 3 embryos at our clinic.

What chromosomes are examined with PGD?
During the PGD biopsy we test chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21 which are causes of close to 90% of abnormalities.

What happens if we have left over embryos?
Many patients will choose to freeze the embryos in case they need it in the future, other patients will ask for the remaining embryos to be destroyed or used during our clinical studies so we can keep offering you the highest quality service through our own research and clinical studies.

When do I do the pregnancy test?
The pregnancy blood test is suggested 12 days after the embryo transfer.

What happens after a positive pregnancy result?
After a positive result you will continue to take medication for 11 weeks after the embryo transfer. Normally this will be Crinone Gel (Progesterone) and Aspirin. Prenatal vitamin supplements can be used for the entire pregnancy term.

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www.egg-donor-ivf.co.uk

PGD - Gender (Sex) Selection IVF in Cyprus

At North Cyprus IVF, one of the treatment options that we offer is PGD for genetic testing and family balancing purposes.

Gender (sex) selection IVF is also a growing concept in the field of IVF. Allowing parents to choose the sex of their baby prior to conception has raised a number of debates on the issue, but regardless of what has been said and written on the subject, sex selection has been a way balancing families and eliminating genetic disorders that are associated with X or Y chromosomes.

PGD genetic testing is also an option when families would like to select the gender of their baby for family balancing purposes. The embryo biopsy will not only allow us to select embryos that are free of genetic abnormalities, but will also allow us to determine the sex of the embryos. Once PGD is performed, the chance of having a baby of desired sex is very close to 100% once pregnancy is achieved. This process is also known as gender selection (sex selection) IVF.

PGD works very much like conventional IVF. The only difference is; embryos that are formed in the laboratory are subjected to a biopsy and a series of genetic tests before transferred into the uterus.

New technologies are now allowing some couples to choose the sex of their child before pregnancy. Many couples wish to have a child of a particular sex in order to prevent certain medical illness or to help balance their families and this is known as gender (sex) selection IVF. North Cyprus Fertility Clinic is the only clinic in Cyprus with its own genetics department, which allows performing gender selection IVF treatment in house.

PGD is one of the most successful methods when it comes to gender selection. This is a complex procedure that involves the creation of embryos that are then analyzed for cell structure and DNA. Embryos are created in a laboratory and allowed to divide. After three or four days, one cell from each dividing embryo is removed and analyzed for DNA and genetic material. Once the sex of the embryos are determined, only those embryos of the desired sex are implanted into the mother’s uterus through IVF. PGD is highly successful, giving you a 99% chance of having a child of the desired gender.

Gender Selection IVF works very much like the IVF procedures explained in the “IVF” section under “Our Services”. However, the embryos that are formed using the IVF procedures undergo genetic testing known as PGD before they are transferred into the uterus. Therefore, in gender selection IVF, the five step IVF procedure requires a sixth step, which comes right before the embryo transfer step.

North Cyprus Fertility Clinic offers low cost, high success Gender (sex) selection IVF by using state of the art technology in fertility treatment and a team of experts. Our genetics laboratory employs a biogenetical engineer, a PhD embryologist and a lab assistant. We are the very first IVF clinic with two separate IVF laboratories and its own research center.

www.donasyon.net 

www.lowcostivf.net 

www.northcyprusivf.com 

www.gender-selection-ivf.co.uk 

www.egg-donor-ivf.co.uk

Typical Treatment Plan for Microsort with IUI

Please note that the dosages and medication will be adjusted for each individual based on hormone results and age.

Cycle Day 1 - Let us know and start taking 1 tablet of Pregnacare per day.
Cycle Day 2 - Start taking 1 Clomid in the morning and 1 at night for 5 days.
Cycle Day 7 - Follicle tracking scan is done and we are informed of the results. You will start with 150IU (1/4 of a vial) GonalF injections.
Cycle Day 13 - First appointment at the clinic. If the follicles have reached 18mm, you will have the trigger injection 
Cycle Day 15 - Microsort with IUI (you can leave Cyprus)

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Programa de Tratamiento

A continuación se presenta un plan de tratamiento típico para la FIV con ICSI (y Microsort)

Cycel Día 1 - Vamos a conocer y empezar a tomar 1 comprimido de Pregnacare por día.

Cycel Día 2 - Comience a tomar 1 comprimido de Femara en la noche y 1 de la mañana durante 5 días.

Cycel Día 3 - Comience con 300IU de GonalF (la mitad de un frasco) por la mañana y por la noche Menopur 150IU hasta su primer análisis.

Cycel Día 7 - Primera exploración de seguimiento folículo. Vamos a conocer los resultados. Dosis puede ser ajustada.

Cycel Día 9 - scan Segundo seguimiento del folículo. Si los folículos dominantes han llegado a 14 mm que se iniciará con la Cetrotide.

Ciclo Día 12 - Primera cita en la clínica.

Cycel Día 13 - Si los folículos dominantes han alcanzado 18mm tendrá la inyección de disparo.

Cycel Día 15 - recolección de huevos esperado

Cycel Día 18 - la transferencia de embriones esperado.

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Typical Treatment Plan

Below is a typical treatment plan for IVF with ICSI and (Microsort). 

Dosages will depend on individuals hormone results and age.  

Treatment Plan

Cycel Day 1 - Let us know and start taking 1 tablet of Pregnacare per day.

Cycel Day 2 - Start taking 1 tablet of Femara at night and 1 in the morning for 5 days.

Cycel Day 3 - Start with 300IU of GonalF (half of a vial) in the morning and 150IU Menopur at night until your first scan.

Cycel Day 7 - First follicle tracking scan. Let us know the results. Dosage might be adjusted.

Cycel Day 9 - Second follicle tracking scan.  If your dominant follicles have reached 14mm you will start with the Cetrotide.

Cycle Day 12 - First appointment at the clinic.

Cycel Day 13 - If dominant follicles have reached 18mm you will have the trigger injection.

Cycel Day 15 - Expected egg collection

Cycel Day 18 - Expected embryo transfer.

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Microsort IVF

Microsort is the process of sorting out the male sperm into X and Y before the ICSI takes place.  The treatment resembles a regular cycle of IVF however the Microsort sperm is used for fertilizing the eggs that are retrieved. 

Depending on the development of the follicles, the egg retrieval is done and sperm is collected from both partners on the same day.

The sperm is then sorted at the Microsort facitlity and the sorted sperm is injected with ICSI into the egg. The eggs are then fertilized and incubated for development.

The embryo transfer is then performed.

The medication and dosage used is the same as a regular IVF cycle and will vary from patient to  patient.

North Cyprus Fertility Center is the first and only clinic offering Microsort to its patients.       

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www.lowcostivf.net
www.northcyprusivf.com
www.gender-selection-ivf.co.uk
www.egg-donor-ivf.co.uk

Places of Interest in North Cyprus

While you are in Cyprus, you might as well enjoy the natural beauties and fine dining! Below is a list of the main attractions you can fit into your short schedule:

- Bellapais Monastry: This historical monastry is located in the beautiful village of Bellapais. It offers an amazing view of the entire coastal strip and has amazing reastaurants where you can enjoy the fine Turkish cuisine. Kybele restaurant is one such place.

- Kyrenia Harbor: This historical harbor is one long strip with fine dining, cafes and pubs, although a bit touristy, it is a must see!

- Quente’s Steakhouse: This is one of the most brilliant places in the entire world! Meat lovers, this is one place where you will have enough of it and say, please don’t bring any more! This interesting restaurant has a card system where green card means bring more and when you are full, you turn your card red, which means no more. Until you do so, the chef will keep sending you more and more. This restaurant is by far one of the best restaurants on the island. The average cost of a meal with a bottle of wine shared between two would be about 25 pounds per person. Ask our receptionist for taxi transport so that she can get you a good deal.

- Sabor El Latino: This restaurant offers a very sophisticated cusine of Italian and Latino food. The T-bone steak and the Fettucini El Sabor Lationo with seafood are the specialties you should not miss out! Ask for directions at the clinic. There are two locations, one in the historical town and one on the business district. The historical town is the one you want to go for a full experience…

- Mado’s Patiesserie in Nicosia: This patisserie has amazing choices of turkish desserts and ice cream. If you have a sweet tooth, this is one of the places you should visit for your dessert cravings! Mado’s is located about 150 meters east of the Golden Tulip Hotel.

- Oldies Bar: A nice and quiet place with oldies music and great drinks. More of a 30+ bar, where you can hear yourself speak and have a conversation while enjoying the music! Our driver does offer transportation to and from this bar on specific days of the week. You get 20% off your drinks when you mention you are from the clinic ;)

- Lemar Supermarket Chain: This one is for the curious traveler to see different varieties of supermarket items and compare prices with local alternatives. There is a Lemar in every city.

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More Reviews

A few more reviews from our patients: 

The clinic is very neat and clean and staff is very friendly, there were no language issues as dr idil and angie are well english spoken girls, dr savas is very focused. All our query and questions were answered , things were different but nothing that i can critisize really, i loved cyprus and its people who always have a smile and didnt make us feel differnt but most of all i loved food. We actually are thinking of buying property there , we loved it so much . I would recomand it allll my family and friends.

L.

Dubai, UAE

We heard about the clinic after a failed ivf treatment at a well known English clinic, which was lovely with high tec everything, but also a high tec price!! A friend told us about North Cyprus IVF clinic as she had TWO friends pregnant from their treatment there, one with twins and one with triplets! We decided after much deliberation to try the clinic and I'm soooo glad we did as our twins are due in April.We tried 5 years to start our family. The clinic seemed a bit dated after our treatment in the UK, however the staff were always helpful and our results as far as I'm concerned speak for themselves. We never thought that I'd get pregnant and I'm sure that by combining the ivf with being abroad (we treated it as a holiday!) made all the difference. We will never be able to thank all the staff enough for making our dreams come true.

T.B

London, UK

The fantastic communication started from you! And then the clinic staff were brilliant. Any questions were answered in full. They were honest about the possible outcomes but very reasuring. AND it worked. I have a lovely 8 month old baby. I will be doing this again next summer if i can get the money together. They are professional and very experienced. Thank you so so much.

D.S

Oxford, UK

The clinic were professional and friendly. The decor of the clinic is a bit chintzy which is not what we expected but the places that matter like the operating theatre were stare of art. The staff were friendly and although not many speak Enflish those that did were fluent and helpful. Overall I was very very impressed and would recommend them As I have been, to anyone who needs treatment. We had IVF using our own eggs and sperm and achieved our highest fertility rate we have ever had and my TRIPLETS are now 10 months old.

London, UK

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www.lowcostivf.net 
www.northcyprusivf.com 
www.gender-selection-ivf.co.uk 
www.egg-donor-ivf.co.uk

Gender Selection in North Cyprus

New technologies are now allowing some couples to choose the sex of their child before pregnancy. Many couples wish to have a child of a particular sex in order to prevent certain medical illness or to help balance their families.

PGD is one of the most successful methods when it comes to gender selection. This is a complex procedure that involves the creation of embryos that are then analyzed for cell structure and DNA. Embryos are created in a laboratory and allowed to divide. After three or four days, one cell from each dividing embryo is removed and analyzed for DNA and genetic material. Once the sex of the embryos are determined, only those embryos of the desired sex are implanted into the mother’s uterus through IVF. PGD is highly successful, giving you a 99% chance of having a child of the desired gender.

Gender Selection IVF works very much like the IVF procedures explained in the “IVF” section under “Our Services”. However, the embryos that are formed using the IVF procedures undergo genetic testing known as PGD before they are transferred into the uterus. Therefore, in gender selection IVF, the five step IVF procedure requires a sixth step, which comes right before the embryo transfer step.

North Cyprus Fertility Clinic offers low cost, high success Gender (sex) selection IVF by using state of the art technology in fertility treatment and a team of experts. Our genetics laboratory employs a biogenetical engineer, two PhD embryologists and a lab assistant. We are the very first IVF clinic with two separate IVF laboratories and its own research center.

North Cyprus IVF is now the second location in the world to offer Microsort for gender selection.

Microsort is a technology that sorts sperm into X and Y chromosomes prior to fertilizing the eggs, thus, allowing you to have more male or female embryos after fertilization. Microsort coupled with PGD for gender selection will offer dramatically high chances of success compared to PGD alone.

We have started taking applications for our Microsort program. We will be offering microsort starting in July. However, due to the large volume of demand for this procedure, we will be having a waiting list. The sooner you apply, the sooner you have a chance of being admitted into our microsort program. The following are the three types of alternative gender selection methods we are able to offer through microsort.

IUI + Microsort for Gender Selection:

This is the least invasive gender selection method. Female partner is prescribed a mild dose of medication for ovulation induction so that multiple eggs are produced in the ovaries. Male partner's sperm is sorted via the microsort technology into those that produce boy and girl offsprings. The sorted sperm is injected into the uterus when the eggs are matured and ready for fertilization. This gender selection method is about 90% accurate for female offsprings and 75% accurate for male offsprings. Since eggs are not retrieved from the ovaries, there is no way of biopsying and genetically testing the embryos for sex with 100% accuracy. IUI is usually recommended for women in their 20s as the patient may be required to undergo a series of IUI procedures until pregnancy can be achieved. Success rates with IUI vary between 5-30% depending on the age of the female partner.

IVF + Microsort for Gender Selection:

This treatment method is very much like conventional IVF apart from the fact that male partner's sperm is sorted into those that produce male and female offsprings through the microsort procedure. The microsort sperm is used to fertilize the eggs that are retrieved from the female partner's ovaries at the end of the ovulation induction process. The eggs are fertilized in a laboratory environment and are placed in an incubator until they reach a certain level of development and are then transferred into the uterus for implantation. The medication used in IVF treatment is slightly different from the IUI protocol. Patients who are in their late 20s or in their 30s are often advised to go straight for IVF treatment rather than IUI for higher chances of success.

IVF + Microsort + PGD for Gender Selection:

This is the most effective and most accurate gender selection method. All the steps involved in this treatment are exactly the same as in IVF + Microsort. The only difference is, once the embryos reach a certain level of development (usually 8-cell stage), they are biopsied for genetic screening and gender selection. Even though microsort provides an accuracy of 75-90%, subjecting the embryos to PGD testing makes sure accuracy level goes up to 99.9%. Apart from identifying the sex of the embryos, PGD testing also allows to screen for certain genetic disorders. Through this method, only embryos that are of desired sex and also free of genetic disorders are transferred into the uterus. This way, the patients are not only able to select the sex of their offspring, but can also make sure that the offspring does not possess the most prevalent genetic diseases.

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MISCARRIAGE INVESTIGATION

Miscarriage is defined as pregnancy loss before 24 completed weeks of pregnancy. The occurrence of a miscarriage is a tragic loss for a couple trying to have a child and can be associated with significant psychological problems for the woman, their partner and family. Miscarriage is usually a single occurrence, and often followed by successful pregnancy. Recurrent miscarriage is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies. Even after 3 consecutive losses, the chance of a successful pregnancy is over 60%. Most miscarriage occurs within the first 14 weeks of pregnancies. Maternal age and previous number of miscarriages are independent risk factors for a further miscarriage. There could be several reasons for repeated - recurrent miscarriages.

Causes of miscarriage
There are several causes of miscarriage that have been identified. These include chromosomal abnormalities, gene defects, hormonal problems, infection, immunological, uterine abnormalities, chronic maternal illness and environmental hazards.

Blood clotting (thrombophilic) disorders Inherited thrombophilias include Factor V Leiden, Factor II(prothrombin gene) mutations in the gene that codes for MTHFR, an enzyme involved in folate metabolism.
If blood clots occur in the blood vessels of the placenta, the blood flow to the baby is decreased and this can lead to either second trimester miscarriage or, if the pregnancy proceeds, to the birth of a baby that is smaller than he or she ought to be. Women with these disorders are also at risk of developing high blood pressure later in pregnancy

Chromosomal abnormalities One-off pregnancy losses can occur when the cells of the placenta and the fetus contain an abnormal number of chromosomes. Mostly the extra chromosome or the deficient chromosome is not present in the parents: instead the abnormality occurs as mature eggs or (less often) sperm cells are formed just before they are released
The miscarriage happens by chance. In most cases, there is nothing wrong with the mother or father's health and miscarriage is not likely to occur again in a later pregnancy.

The uterus and miscarriage Several abnormalities of the uterus are commonly linked to repeated pregnancy loss. Most of them can be treated with surgery.

They include:

• Congenital abnormalities. These are defects present from birth. For instance, a woman may have a uterus that is divided into two sections by a wall of tissue (septate uterus).

• Uterine fibroids (leiomyomata). Uterine fibroids are benign growths (not cancer) made up of uterine muscle tissue.

• Incompetent cervix. An incompetent cervix is one that begins to widen and open too early, in the middle of pregnancy, without any sign of pain or labor. Incompetent cervix is not a cause for recurrent first trimester losses.

Hormonal disorders

1. Progesterone
Low levels of progesterone hormone are frequently found in women whose pregnancies are miscarrying.

However, low progesterone levels in early pregnancy reflect the fact that the pregnancy has not implanted successfully in the womb lining, rather than because the developing placenta is not producing enough progesterone to maintain the pregnancy. This is an important point - low progesterone is the effect not the cause of the miscarriage. This explains why giving women progesterone and/or hCG hormone injections in early pregnancy does not improve pregnancy outcome.

The exception to this is when we take advantage of the immunosuppressant effects of progesterone in women who are found to have immune problems.

2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) drives the ovary to start growing follicles. Unfortunately, some women with a history of pregnancy loss are also found to have high FSH levels because their ovaries have become prematurely menopausal. Although rare, this is obviously a very important problem to identify. If FSH levels are high, the appropriate next step is referral to a fertility specialist.

3. The uterine lining (the endometrium)
At the present time the only way of determining the response of the endometrium at the time of implantation is to sample it and look at the histological (microscopic) evidence of the state of the tissues. An endometrial biopsy can be performed towards the end of your cycle (approximately day 26). This biopsy is no more uncomfortable than undergoing a cervical smear test. However, in order to be able to obtain the most useful information from the biopsy, it is important to know exactly the time of ovulation.

4. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
A pelvic ultrasound scan shows that many women with recurrent miscarriage have polycystic ovaries (PCO). This is a common condition, found in 25% of all women, in which there are multiple small cysts within the ovary. These cysts are not dangerous and cannot be removed as they are within the ovary.
Polycystic ovaries can sometimes be associated with a number of hormonal imbalances such as increased production of LH and testosterone. A number of carefully designed studies have shown that neither PCO nor high LH levels are a cause for recurrent miscarriages.

Infections The role that vaginal infections may play in recurrent pregnancy loss is the subject of a new field of research.

Infection may well play a role in causing late pregnancy losses (14 weeks gestation) in a small number of women but it is unlikely to be important in causing early miscarriages.

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